Applications of distributed ledger technologies to the internet of things: a survey

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and blockchain systems have received enormous academic, government, and commercial interest in recent years. This article surveys the integration of DLTs within another life-changing technology, the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT-based applications, such as smart home, smart transport, supply chain, smart healthcare, and smart energy, promise to boost the efficiency of existing infrastructures and change every facet of our daily life. This article looks into the challenges faced by such applications and reviews a comprehensive selection of existing DLT solutions to those challenges. We also identify issues for future research, including DLT security and scalability, multi-DLT applications, and survival of DLT in the post-quantum world.