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Risk factors for COVID-19 infection, disease severity and related deaths in Africa: A systematic review

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posted on 2021-02-01, 00:00 authored by H A Gesesew, D N Koye, D M Fetene, M Woldegiorgis, Y Kinfu, A B Geleto, Y A Melaku, H Mohammed, K A Alene, M A Awoke, M M Birhanu, A T Gebremedhin, Y A Gelaw, D M Shifti, M D Muluneh, Teketo TegegneTeketo Tegegne, S Abrha, A F Aregay, M B Ayalew, A K Gebre, K T Gebremariam, T Gebremedhin, L Gebremichael, C T Leshargie, G D Kibret, M W Meazaw, Alemayehu MekonnenAlemayehu Mekonnen, D Y Tekle, A G Tesema, Fisaha TesfayFisaha Tesfay, W Tesfaye, B L Wubishet, B A Dachew, A A Adane
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive evidence on risk factors for transmission, disease severity and COVID-19 related deaths in Africa.DesignA systematic review has been conducted to synthesise existing evidence on risk factors affecting COVID-19 outcomes across Africa.Data sourcesData were systematically searched from MEDLINE, Scopus, MedRxiv and BioRxiv.Eligibility criteriaStudies for review were included if they were published in English and reported at least one risk factor and/or one health outcome. We included all relevant literature published up until 11 August 2020.Data extraction and synthesisWe performed a systematic narrative synthesis to describe the available studies for each outcome. Data were extracted using a standardised Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction form.ResultsFifteen articles met the inclusion criteria of which four were exclusively on Africa and the remaining 11 papers had a global focus with some data from Africa. Higher rates of infection in Africa are associated with high population density, urbanisation, transport connectivity, high volume of tourism and international trade, and high level of economic and political openness. Limited or poor access to healthcare are also associated with higher COVID-19 infection rates. Older people and individuals with chronic conditions such as HIV, tuberculosis and anaemia experience severe forms COVID-19 leading to hospitalisation and death. Similarly, high burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high prevalence of tobacco consumption and low levels of expenditure on health and low levels of global health security score contribute to COVID-19 related deaths.ConclusionsDemographic, institutional, ecological, health system and politico-economic factors influenced the spectrum of COVID-19 infection, severity and death. We recommend multidisciplinary and integrated approaches to mitigate the identified factors and strengthen effective prevention strategies.

History

Journal

BMJ Open

Volume

11

Issue

2

Article number

e044618

Pagination

1 - 10

Publisher

BMJ

Location

London, Eng.

eISSN

2044-6055

Language

eng

Publication classification

C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal

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