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Role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption of tanshinone IIA, a major active ingredient in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge
journal contribution
posted on 2007-05-01, 00:00 authored by X Y Yu, S G Lin, Z W Zhou, X Chen, J Liang, P Q Liu, Wei DuanWei Duan, B Chowbay, J Y Wen, S F ZhouThe extracts from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) are widely and traditionally used in the treatment of angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarct, hyperlipidemia and stroke in China and other Asian countries. In this study, we have investigated the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the intestinal absorption of tanshinone IIA (TSA), a major active constituent of Danshen, using several in vitro and in vivo models. The oral bioavailability of TSA was about 2.93.4% in rats, with non-linear pharmacokinetics when its dosage
increased. In a single pass rat intestinal perfusion model, the permeability coefficients (Papp) based on TSA disappearance from the luminal perfusates (Plumen) were 6.2- to 7.2-fold higher (P < 0.01) than those based on drug appearance in mesenteric venous blood (Pblood). The Pblood, but not Plumen, was significantly increased when co-perfused with verapamil, or quinidine (both P-gp inhibitors). The uptake and efflux of TSA in confluent Caco-2 cells were significantly altered in the presence of verapamil, quinidine, MK-571, or probenecid. The transport of TSA across Caco-2 monolayers was pH-, temperature- and ATP-dependent. Furthermore, the transport from the apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) side of the Caco-2 monolayers was 3.3- to 8.5-fold lower than that from the BL to AP side, but such a polarized transport was attenuated by co-incubated verapamil or quinidine. A polarized transport was also observed in the control MDCKII
cells and more apparent in MDR1-MDCKII monolayers, with the Papp values of TSA in the BL-AP direction being 7- to 9-fold higher in MDR1-MDCKII monolayers than those in the control MDCKII cells. Moreover, TSA significantly inhibited P-gp-mediated transport of digoxin in P-gp-overexpressing membrane vesicles with an IC50 of 2.6 µM, but stimulated vanadate-sensitive P-gp ATPase activity with estimated Km and Vmax values of 10.70 ± 0.69 µM and 67.65 ± 1.31 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. TSA was extensively metabolized to tanshinone IIB (TSB), and two other oxidative metabolites in rat liver microsomes, but the formation rate of TSB in rat intestinal microsomes was only about 1/10 of that in liver microsomes. These findings indicate that TSA is a substrate and reversing agent for P-gp; and P-gp-mediated efflux of TSA into the gut lumen and the first-pass metabolism contribute to the low oral bioavailability. Further studies are needed to explore the role of other drug transporters and first-pass metabolism in the low bioavailability of TSA.
increased. In a single pass rat intestinal perfusion model, the permeability coefficients (Papp) based on TSA disappearance from the luminal perfusates (Plumen) were 6.2- to 7.2-fold higher (P < 0.01) than those based on drug appearance in mesenteric venous blood (Pblood). The Pblood, but not Plumen, was significantly increased when co-perfused with verapamil, or quinidine (both P-gp inhibitors). The uptake and efflux of TSA in confluent Caco-2 cells were significantly altered in the presence of verapamil, quinidine, MK-571, or probenecid. The transport of TSA across Caco-2 monolayers was pH-, temperature- and ATP-dependent. Furthermore, the transport from the apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) side of the Caco-2 monolayers was 3.3- to 8.5-fold lower than that from the BL to AP side, but such a polarized transport was attenuated by co-incubated verapamil or quinidine. A polarized transport was also observed in the control MDCKII
cells and more apparent in MDR1-MDCKII monolayers, with the Papp values of TSA in the BL-AP direction being 7- to 9-fold higher in MDR1-MDCKII monolayers than those in the control MDCKII cells. Moreover, TSA significantly inhibited P-gp-mediated transport of digoxin in P-gp-overexpressing membrane vesicles with an IC50 of 2.6 µM, but stimulated vanadate-sensitive P-gp ATPase activity with estimated Km and Vmax values of 10.70 ± 0.69 µM and 67.65 ± 1.31 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. TSA was extensively metabolized to tanshinone IIB (TSB), and two other oxidative metabolites in rat liver microsomes, but the formation rate of TSB in rat intestinal microsomes was only about 1/10 of that in liver microsomes. These findings indicate that TSA is a substrate and reversing agent for P-gp; and P-gp-mediated efflux of TSA into the gut lumen and the first-pass metabolism contribute to the low oral bioavailability. Further studies are needed to explore the role of other drug transporters and first-pass metabolism in the low bioavailability of TSA.
History
Journal
Current drug metabolismVolume
8Issue
4Pagination
1 - 16Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.Location
Hilversum, The NetherlandsISSN
1389-2002eISSN
1875-5453Language
engPublication classification
C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal; C Journal articleCopyright notice
2007, Bentham Science PublishersUsage metrics
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tanshinone IIAP-glycoproteinintestinal absorptionbioavailabilityScience & TechnologyLife Sciences & BiomedicineBiochemistry & Molecular BiologyPharmacology & PharmacyTANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRYDRUG 5,6-DIMETHYLXANTHENONE-4-ACETIC ACIDPERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHYIN-VIVO FUNCTIONMULTIDRUG-RESISTANCEPROTEIN MRPSIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATIONBREAST-CANCERCACO-2 CELLSHERBAL DRUG
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